RESUMO
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) activation can initiate changes in synaptic strength, evident as long-term potentiation (LTP), and is a key molecular correlate of memory formation. Inhibition of d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) may increase NMDAR activity by regulating d-serine concentrations, but which neuronal and behavioral effects are influenced by DAAO inhibition remain elusive. In anesthetized rats, extracellular field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) were recorded before and after a theta frequency burst stimulation (TBS) of the Schaffer collateral pathway of the CA1 region in the hippocampus. Memory performance was assessed after training with tests of contextual fear conditioning (FC, mice) and novel object recognition (NOR, rats). Oral administration of 3, 10, and 30 mg/kg 4H-furo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5-carboxylic acid (SUN) produced dose-related and steady increases of cerebellum d-serine in rats and mice, indicative of lasting inhibition of central DAAO. SUN administered 2 h prior to training improved contextual fear conditioning in mice and novel object recognition memory in rats when tested 24 h after training. In anesthetized rats, LTP was established proportional to the number of TBS trains. d-cycloserine (DCS) was used to identify a submaximal level of LTP (5× TBS) that responded to NMDA receptor activation; SUN administered at 10 mg/kg 3-4 h prior to testing similarly increased in vivo LTP levels compared to vehicle control animals. Interestingly, in vivo administration of DCS also increased brain d-serine concentrations. These results indicate that DAAO inhibition increased NMDAR-related synaptic plasticity during phases of post training memory consolidation to improve memory performance in hippocampal-dependent behavioral tests.
RESUMO
Brainstem 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin)-containing neurones modulate cardiovascular reflex responses but the differing roles of the many 5-HT receptors have not been thoroughly investigated. The present experiments on anaesthetized rats investigated the role of 5-HT3 receptors in modulating vagal afferent evoked activity of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) neurones. Recordings were made from 301 NTS neurones receiving an input at long (> 20 ms) minimum onset latency from stimulation of the vagus nerve. These included 140 neurones excited by activating non-myelinated cardiopulmonary afferents by right atrial injection of phenylbiguanide (PBG). Ionophoretic application of PBG, a highly selective 5-HT3 receptor agonist, significantly increased activity (from 2.4 +/- 0.4 to 5.5 +/- 0.8 spikes s(-1)) in 96 of 106 neurones tested and in all 17 neurones tested the increase in activity (3.4 +/- 1.1 to 7.0 +/- 1.9 spikes s(-1)) was significantly attenuated (3.0 +/- 0.9 to 3.8 +/- 1.1 spikes s(-1)) by the selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist granisetron. Ionophoretic application of PBG potentiated responses to vagus nerve and cardiopulmonary afferent stimulation, and granisetron significantly attenuated this cardiopulmonary input (20.2 +/- 5.7 to 10.6 +/- 4.1 spikes burst(-1)) in 9 of 10 neurones tested. Ionophoretic application of AMPA and NMDA also excited NTS neurones and these excitations could be selectively antagonized by the non-NMDA and NMDA receptor antagonists DNQX and AP-5, respectively. At these selective currents, DNQX and AP-5 also attenuated PBG- and cardiopulmonary input-evoked increases in NTS activity. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that vagal inputs, including non-myelinated cardiopulmonary inputs to the NTS, utilize a 5-HT-containing pathway which activates 5-HT3 receptors. This excitatory response to 5-HT3 receptor activation may be partly a direct postsynaptic action but part may also be due to facilitation of the release of glutamate which in turn acts on either non-NMDA or NMDA receptors to evoke excitation.
